Birth of a Language in the Backlands of Brazil (Anderson Almeida-Silva & al. 2025)
Our take
The emergence of Cena, an innovative sign language developed by a small group of deaf individuals in Piauí, Brazil, is not just a linguistic curiosity; it’s a powerful testament to the resilience and adaptability of human communication. As outlined in the article "Birth of a Language in the Backlands of Brazil" by Anderson Almeida-Silva and colleagues, Cena challenges long-held assumptions about language acquisition and the critical period for learning a language. Traditionally, it was believed that exposure to a fully developed language is essential for language acquisition, particularly before puberty. But Cena, birthed in a linguistic vacuum, proves that the innate human capacity for language can flourish even under the most isolated circumstances.
This raises profound questions about the nature of language itself. If a fully functional language can emerge from homesigns without any external linguistic influence—like the national sign language, Libras—then what does this mean for our understanding of language evolution? It suggests that language is not merely a learned behavior but a natural outcome of human interaction and social necessity. It’s reminiscent of the themes explored in related articles like Just curious, what tools do you actually use to read/listen to content in your target language before you're fluent?, where the nuances of immersion learning highlight the inherent adaptability of individuals navigating new linguistic landscapes.
Moreover, Cena provides fertile ground for examining the interactional model of language acquisition, which emphasizes the importance of social interaction between children and caregivers. In this isolated community, the interactions that led to the formation of Cena not only demonstrate the power of human connection but also reinforce the idea that language is a living, evolving entity. This interactional model stands in contrast to the nativist perspective that posits an underlying universal grammar shared by all languages. Instead, Cena exemplifies how language can emerge organically, shaped by the unique cultural and social context of its users. It’s a bit like peeling back the layers of an onion—or perhaps more accurately, like discovering a hidden pearl in an oyster’s shell, which as we know, conceptually relates to hiding and protection.
Furthermore, this linguistic phenomenon prompts us to think about the implications for deaf communities worldwide. If Cena can develop independently, what potential exists for other emergent languages in similarly isolated conditions? How might this influence the ways we perceive and support linguistic diversity? With the rise of digital communication platforms and social media, we are witnessing new forms of language evolution and interaction that are reshaping our understanding of communication. Such developments are echoed in the article Interstitium, Apoplast., which explores the nuances of language and expression in a modern context.
As we reflect on the birth of Cena, we are reminded of the fluidity of language and its profound connection to human experience. This story is not just about the emergence of a new sign language; it’s about the indomitable human spirit that thrives on communication, connection, and creativity. It invites us to consider how we might foster environments where new languages can emerge and flourish. What other hidden languages might be waiting to surface in the nooks and crannies of our world? As we look to the future, will we embrace the complexities of linguistic evolution, or will we cling to outdated notions of what language should be? The journey of Cena is just the beginning of a much larger narrative about language, identity, and community. Stay tuned, because the next chapter could very well be unfolding right now, just beneath the surface.
Abstract
It is assumed that in order to acquire a language, children must be exposed to a language during the critical period, which generally lasts until puberty. Here, we report on Cena, an emergent sign language that has developed among a small group of deaf people in an isolated town in the state of Piauí, Brazil. Starting three generations ago, it has developed into a fully functioning communicative system with all characteristics of a typical human language even though Cena developed in a linguistic vacuum. What makes Cena interesting is that we are reasonably certain that Cena had no external input from the national sign language, Libras, or any other language during its formation. Cena challenges the assumption that to acquire the first language, the child must be exposed to a fully developed language. It developed from homesigns to an emergent sign language that is used for all aspects of village life. Cena also lends credence to the interactional model of language acquisition, which considers the interactions between the child and the caregivers to be the crucial element. The nativist model of language acquisition, which assumes a universal system underlying language, also plays a part. Through interaction, what arose is a system with characteristics essential to all human language.
Keywords: Critical period; Emergent sign language; Homesign; Language acquisition; Language evolution; Sign languages.
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